At three different height 170, 130 and 5 centimeters above the surface and at 06:30, 12:30 and 18:30 LMT (+3:30 GMT), in irrigated and non-irrigated days, in the Botanic Garden of agriculture and natural sources faculty of Tehran University, in 62 days of summer time that there were 15 days alternatively with sprinkler irrigation (7 days irrigation in the morning and 8 days in the afternoon). Results shows that irrigation in the morning (8:00 - 11:30 LMT) decreases dry bulb and maximum temperature and increases wet bulb temperature and relative humidity, whereas, irrigation in the afternoon (13 - 16:30) results in increased dry bulb, minimum and maximum temperature and decreased wet bulb temperature and relative humidity in all times and height that were observed.

Preparation and proper implementation of water scarcity adaptation programs at the provincial level requires diverse, reliable and integrated information related to the province's water resources. To obtain this information in an integrated and dynamic manner, a system called ‘system for regional Agricultural Water balance and water Accounting’ (SAWA) was prepared for Fars province. First, the irrigated agricultural lands of the province were divided into 17 homogenous Agro-Ecological-Zones (AEZ). Then, a crop model (SSM-iCrop2) was calibrated and set up to simulate the growth, yield and field water balance of 35 agricultural plants under potential and farmers’ conditions in the 17 AEZ. The simulations were done using weather data of 2011-2021. The outputs of the system are produced on a daily basis and for the end of the growing season. The system is also able to produce monthly outputs of water balance that are essential information for water scarcity adaptation programs such as cropping pattern. Some of the outputs of the system are crop planting date and the date of bud burst in trees, the time of occurrence of important phenological stages, total biomass, leaf area index and field water balance components such as runoff, evaporation, transpiration, deep drainage, weeds’ transpiration and applied irrigation water. The outputs of this system are available for each plant or all plants in each of the zones, counties and the whole province. The testing of the system showed that the simulated yields and applied irrigation water are in satisfactory agreement with the measured ones.

Weed survey of irrigated wheat fields is the most important practice in weed management. Based on cultivation area in all counties of Tehran province during six years (2000-2005), 61 sample wheat fields were selected and weed species were counted in each sampling point and population indices were calculated. In each field longitude, latitude and altitude were recorded using GPS. These data were used for producing weed maps using GIS. Results showed that flixweed (Descurainia Sophia [L.] Schur.), knotweed (Polygonum aviculare L.), few-flowered fumitory (Fumaria vaillantii Loisel.) and catchweed (Galium aparine L.) were dominante broadleaf species in irrigated wheat fields of Tehran province. Dominant grass weed species were winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Durieu.), wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch.) and Feral rye (Secale cereale L.). Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense [L.] Scop.) and hoary cress (Cardaria draba [L.] Desv.) were the most important disturbing plants prior to harvesting in irrigated wheat fields of Tehran province.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of drought stress on twenty chickpea genotype by analyzing ecophysiological traits in field condition. Field experiments were carried out during 2007-2008 at the research farm of dryland agriculture research institute, Sararoud, Kermanshah, in two separate irrigated and non-irrigated conditions with randomized complete block design in four replications.Yield and yield components, leaf area index, the distance of the lowest pod to soil surface, numbers of main stems, length of the main stems, days to flowering and maturity were meseured in each experiment, separately. Drought resistance indices of SSI, STI, TOL, GMP, YI, MH and MP were calculated based on seed yield under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. Results indicated that values of studied traits significantly decreased in non-irrigated experiment compared to irrigated one. Days to flowering and the distance of the lowest pod to soil surface showed most positive and negative correlations with yield, respectively. Among drought indices, STI, GMP, MH, and MP were introduced as the best indices for selection of resistant genotypes. Based on cluster analysis of studied genotypes, Azad, ILC.482 and ILC.1799 were categorized as the same group and were the most  resistant genotypes to drought stress.

Weed survey of irrigated Barley fields is the most important practice in weed management. Based on cultivation area in all cities of West Azerbaijan province during three years (2008- 2010) 32 sample barely fields were selected and weed species were counted in each sampling point and population indices were calculated. In each field longitude, latitude and altitude from sea level were recorded using GPS. These data were used for producing weed maps using GIS. Results showed that in barley fields of west Azerbaijan province there were 38 weed species from 15 families. The results indicated that Galium aparine, Polygonum aviculare, and Chenopodium album were dominant broadleaf species in irrigated barely fields of W. Azerbaijan. Dominant grass weed species were Avena ludoviciana and Secale cereale. Convolvulus arvensis, Acroptilon repens, Cardaria draba Were the most important disturbing plants prior to harvesting in irrigated barely fields of W. Azerbaijan province.

Delay in irrigated wheat primary tillage operations causes yield reduction and hidden timeliness cost in Fars province. Mechanization of primary tillage operations for irrigated wheat in Fars province was simulated using system Dynamics approach. A part of the model structure was related to the agricultural operations timeliness costs. For the mentioned simulation, causal relations between system components were known and the model was run based on time step of 0.125 of one year. The simulation results showed that the operations timeliness cost remained constant (approximately one million rials per hectare) from 2001 to 2004 in the province. The timeliness cost increased from 2004 to 2007 due to the non-uniform distribution of atmospheric precipitation and reached to 1211724 rials per hectare in 2007. The upward trend of this cost continued for the period of 2007 to 2010 because of using depreciated moldboard plows. The model predicted the amount of 2090511 rials per hectare for the timeliness cost in 2018. Furthermore, it was found that reduction in the timeliness cost could be reached either by increasing the plowing speed by %30 in the permissible domain or increading the daily working hours by 4 hours.

This study explores the motivational components within teacher rating systems and their impact on professional growth motivation. Employing a systematic review approach, it investigates texts pertaining to teacher rating systems, motivation, and professional development literature. By examining various texts and research findings on teacher motivation, factors influencing teacher ratings based on general, specialized, and professional competencies, as well as experience, are identified. Drawing parallels with Herzberg's motivational theory, this study provides recommendations to bolster teacher motivation and job satisfaction through improvements in the rating system.